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CBSE Class 12 Political Science

Class 12 · CBSEPolitical Science40 notes in 17 folders, 271 KB

Notes for CBSE Class 12 Political Science (code 028), in two folders for the two NCERT books, Contemporary World Politics and Politics in India since Independence, with a sub-folder for each chapter in the curriculum's order. They follow the 2026-27 curriculum for Class XII.

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What is inside

  • Contemporary World Politics
    • The end of bipolarity
      • The Soviet system and Gorbachev6 KB
      • Disintegration of the Soviet Union and shock therapy7 KB
      • Russia, the Balkans, Central Asia and India7 KB
    • Contemporary centres of power
      • The European Union6 KB
      • ASEAN6 KB
      • China's rise and India-China relations6 KB
      • Japan and South Korea6 KB
    • Contemporary South Asia
      • South Asia, Pakistan and Bangladesh7 KB
      • Nepal and Sri Lanka6 KB
      • India-Pakistan conflicts6 KB
      • India and its neighbours, SAARC and cooperation7 KB
    • International organisations
      • The United Nations, its evolution and organs8 KB
      • Reform of the UN and India's role7 KB
      • Key agencies: IMF, World Bank, WTO, ILO, IAEA and NGOs8 KB
    • Security in the contemporary world
      • Traditional security6 KB
      • Non-traditional security and new sources of threats7 KB
      • Cooperative security and India's security strategy6 KB
    • Environment and natural resources
      • Environmental concerns, global commons and common but differentiated responsibilities8 KB
      • Environmental movements, resource geopolitics and indigenous peoples8 KB
    • Globalisation
      • Concept, causes and consequences of globalisation6 KB
      • India and globalisation, and resistance to it7 KB
  • Politics in India since Independence
    • Challenges of nation-building
      • The three challenges and the Partition of India7 KB
      • Integration of princely states and reorganisation of states8 KB
    • Era of one-party dominance
      • Building democracy and the first general elections6 KB
      • Congress dominance and the opposition parties8 KB
    • Politics of planned development
      • Ideas of development and the early planning6 KB
    • India's external relations
      • Non-alignment and India's foreign policy6 KB
      • Wars with China and Pakistan, and the Bangladesh war7 KB
      • India's nuclear policy6 KB
    • Challenges to and restoration of the Congress system
      • Political succession and the fourth general election, 19677 KB
      • The Congress split and the restoration of 19717 KB
    • The crisis of democratic order
      • Background to the Emergency and its declaration9 KB
      • Politics after the Emergency and its legacy7 KB
    • Regional aspirations
      • Region and the nation, and Jammu and Kashmir8 KB
      • Punjab6 KB
      • The Northeast7 KB
    • Recent developments in Indian politics
      • The 1990s, coalition politics and alliances7 KB
      • The political rise of the backward classes and the Mandal decision6 KB
      • Communalism, secularism and democracy, and Ayodhya8 KB
      • Lok Sabha elections 2004 to 2019 and the new consensus6 KB

The first note

Contemporary World Politics / The end of bipolarity / The Soviet system and Gorbachev

## The Cold War and the second world After the Second World War the world divided into two camps, one led by the United States and one led by the Soviet Union. The rivalry between them, which never became a direct war between the two, is the Cold War, and the world it produced is called **bipolar** because power was concentrated in two centres. Each superpower led a bloc: the capitalist, liberal-democratic "first world" gathered round the United States and the NATO alliance, and the socialist "second world" gathered round the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact. The Soviet Union was the second superpower, and its collapse in 1991 ended the bipolar world. ## The Soviet system The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) came out of the Russian Revolution of 1917, when the Bolsheviks under Lenin overthrew the Tsarist order and then the short-lived provisional government. The union itself was formed in 1922. It was built on the ideas of socialism and Marx's criticism of capitalism, and it set out to be an egalitarian society with no private ownership of the means of production. The main features of the system were these. - The Communist Party was the only party allowed. It controlled every institution, and there was no real opposition, free press or independent trade union. - The state owned the land, factories and other productive property, so the whole economy was planned by the state through five-year plans rather than driven by markets. - The state provided a minimum…

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