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AQA GCSE Chemistry

GCSE · AQAChemistry37 notes in 11 folders, 161 KB

Notes for AQA GCSE Chemistry (8462), in folders for the specification's ten topic areas in its order, with a short folder on working scientifically at the end. Required practicals sit in the topics they belong to, with the method and the chemistry behind it, and Higher-tier content is marked where it sits. Delete any note your tier does not need once the notes are yours.

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What is inside

  • Atomic structure and the periodic table
    • Atoms, elements, compounds and mixtures6 KB
    • The nuclear atom5 KB
    • The periodic table4 KB
    • Groups 1 and 7 and the transition metals6 KB
  • Bonding, structure and the properties of matter
    • Ionic bonding and ionic compounds5 KB
    • Covalent bonding5 KB
    • Metallic bonding, alloys and conduction3 KB
    • States of matter and the properties of substances5 KB
    • Carbon: diamond, graphite, graphene and fullerenes3 KB
    • Nanoparticles3 KB
  • Quantitative chemistry
    • Conservation of mass, balancing and relative formula mass4 KB
    • Moles, equations, limiting reactants and gas volumes5 KB
    • Concentration of solutions4 KB
    • Percentage yield and atom economy4 KB
  • Chemical changes
    • Reactivity of metals and extraction5 KB
    • Acids, salts and neutralisation4 KB
    • pH, strong and weak acids and titration5 KB
    • Electrolysis6 KB
  • Energy changes
    • Exothermic and endothermic reactions5 KB
    • Cells, batteries and fuel cells3 KB
  • The rate and extent of chemical change
    • Rates of reaction4 KB
    • Collision theory, factors and catalysts5 KB
    • Reversible reactions and equilibrium4 KB
  • Organic chemistry
    • Crude oil, hydrocarbons and fractional distillation4 KB
    • Cracking and alkenes4 KB
    • Alcohols and carboxylic acids4 KB
    • Synthetic and naturally occurring polymers4 KB
  • Chemical analysis
    • Purity, formulations and chromatography4 KB
    • Tests for gases and ions4 KB
  • Chemistry of the atmosphere
    • The Earth's atmosphere over time3 KB
    • Greenhouse gases and climate change4 KB
    • Atmospheric pollutants3 KB
  • Using resources
    • Potable water and waste water4 KB
    • Sustainable use of resources5 KB
    • Corrosion, alloys, ceramics, polymers and composites6 KB
    • The Haber process and NPK fertilisers4 KB
  • Working scientifically
    • Investigations, evidence and measurement6 KB

The first note

Atomic structure and the periodic table / Atoms, elements, compounds and mixtures

## Atoms and elements All substances are made of **atoms**, and an atom is the smallest piece of an element that still has that element's properties. An **element** contains only one type of atom, and there are about 100 different elements, all shown in the periodic table. Each is represented by a chemical symbol of one or two letters, the first a capital: O for oxygen, Na for sodium, Cl for chlorine. The names and symbols of the first 20 elements, of the elements in Groups 1 and 7, and of the other elements that turn up in the course are worth knowing by heart, because every equation is written with them. | Number | Element | Symbol | Number | Element | Symbol | |---|---|---|---|---|---| | 1 | hydrogen | H | 11 | sodium | Na | | 2 | helium | He | 12 | magnesium | Mg | | 3 | lithium | Li | 13 | aluminium | Al | | 4 | beryllium | Be | 14 | silicon | Si | | 5 | boron | B | 15 | phosphorus | P | | 6 | carbon | C | 16 | sulfur | S | | 7 | nitrogen | N | 17 | chlorine | Cl | | 8 | oxygen | O | 18 | argon | Ar | | 9 | fluorine | F | 19 | potassium | K | | 10 | neon | Ne | 20 | calcium | Ca | Other symbols used in the course include Fe (iron), Cu (copper), Zn (zinc), Ag (silver), Au (gold), Pb (lead), Sn (tin), Br (bromine), I (iodine), Cr (chromium), Mn (manganese), Co (cobalt) and Ni (nickel). ## Compounds A **compound** is formed when two or more elements are chemically combined in fixed proportions. Water is always two hydrogen atoms to one oxygen atom, so its formula is…

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