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Cambridge IGCSE History

IGCSE · Cambridge International (CAIE)History39 notes in 7 folders, 263 KB

Notes for Cambridge IGCSE History (0470), in folders for the two core options (the nineteenth century, and international relations since 1919) and for each of the five depth studies, with notes following the key questions in order. Written to the syllabus for 2027 and 2028. Delete the option and depth study folders your course does not cover once the notes are yours.

Adding them puts a copy in your notes, in a folder of its own with the folders below, for you to change and turn into flashcards or a question deck. Download gives you a zip of markdown files, which opens in any notes app.

What is inside

  • Core option A, the 19th century
    • Europe 1848–49: the revolutions8 KB
    • Italy 1815–70: how Italy was unified7 KB
    • Germany 1815–71: how Germany was unified7 KB
    • The United States 1820–77: the Civil War and Reconstruction9 KB
    • Imperialism in the nineteenth century: motives, and Europeans in Africa7 KB
    • Imperialism in the nineteenth century: British India in 1857, and the United States and Spain7 KB
    • Europe 1890–1914: the causes of the First World War6 KB
  • Core option B, the 20th century
    • Europe 1919–23: the Treaty of Versailles7 KB
    • The League of Nations 1919–29: structure, peacekeeping and humanitarian work6 KB
    • The League of Nations 1929–36: the Depression, Manchuria and Abyssinia5 KB
    • Europe 1933–39: Hitler's foreign policy and the outbreak of war8 KB
    • The origins of the Cold War, 1945–55: the United States and the USSR8 KB
    • United States containment of communism: Korea 1950–53 and Cuba 1959–626 KB
    • United States involvement in Vietnam, 1955–757 KB
    • Soviet control of Eastern Europe, 1948–c.19899 KB
  • Depth study A, the First World War 1914-18
    • The First World War 1914–18: stalemate on the Western Front8 KB
    • The First World War 1914–18: a world war7 KB
    • The First World War 1914–18: other fronts, the war at sea and civilians7 KB
    • Germany 1918: the offensive, the Allied advance, revolution and the Armistice6 KB
  • Depth study B, Germany 1918-45
    • Germany 1918–23: the Weimar Republic and its early crises5 KB
    • Germany 1924–29: the Stresemann years and Weimar culture5 KB
    • Germany 1920–34: the rise of the Nazi Party and Hitler's consolidation of power8 KB
    • Nazi Germany 1933–45: terror, propaganda, the churches and opposition7 KB
    • Nazi Germany 1933–45: persecution of minorities, anti-Semitism and the Final Solution5 KB
    • Nazi Germany 1933–45: young people, women, the economy and the effects of war6 KB
  • Depth study C, Russia 1905-41
    • Russia 1894–1914: Tsarist rule and the 1905 Revolution5 KB
    • Russia 1914–17: the First World War and the collapse of Tsarism4 KB
    • Russia 1917–24: the Provisional Government, the Bolshevik takeover, the Civil War and the NEP8 KB
    • The Soviet Union 1924–41: how Stalin gained and held power6 KB
    • The Soviet Union 1928–41: the Five-Year Plans, collectivisation and their effects6 KB
  • Depth study D, the United States 1919-41
    • The United States 1919–29: the economic boom5 KB
    • The United States 1919–29: society in the 1920s7 KB
    • The United States 1929–32: the Wall Street Crash and the Depression6 KB
    • The United States 1933–41: Roosevelt and the New Deal8 KB
  • Depth study E, the Second World War 1939-c1945
    • The Second World War in Europe 1939–43: German conquests, Britain, Barbarossa and Stalingrad7 KB
    • The Second World War in the Asia–Pacific 1937–42: Pearl Harbor, Japanese conquests and Midway7 KB
    • The Second World War 1939–45: civilians in Europe and the Asia–Pacific8 KB
    • The Second World War in Europe 1943–45: Italy, D-Day and the collapse of Nazi Germany5 KB
    • The Second World War in the Asia–Pacific 1942–52: the defeat of Japan and the aftermath of victory7 KB

The first note

Core option A, the 19th century / Europe 1848–49: the revolutions

## Liberalism and nationalism before 1848 After the defeat of Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna (1814–15) rebuilt Europe to keep the old monarchies secure. The Austrian chancellor, Prince Metternich, was the main defender of that settlement. He worked to stop any change, and in the German Confederation (thirty-nine states under Austrian leadership) and in Italy, which was split into separate states, he relied on censorship, police and Austrian troops. Two ideas worked against this. **Liberalism** was the belief in constitutions, an elected parliament, the rule of law, free speech and a free press, with the vote usually going to men who owned property. Its supporters were mostly the educated middle class, who paid taxes but had little say in government. **Nationalism** was the belief that people who shared a language, history and culture should form one nation with its own state. It mattered most where a people was divided among many states (Germans and Italians) or ruled by foreigners (Italians under Austria, Hungarians and Czechs within the Austrian Empire, which was a patchwork of Germans, Magyars, Czechs, Poles, Italians and others under the Habsburg emperor). Both ideas had spread through universities, newspapers, secret societies and the memory of the French Revolution. By 1848 many educated people expected change, but liberals and nationalists did not always want the same things, and that division matters for why the revolutions failed. ## Why so many revolutions broke…

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