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NSC History

NSC · DBEHistory40 notes in 6 folders, 240 KB

Notes for South African NSC History (Grade 12, CAPS), in a folder for each of the six prescribed topics in the examination guidelines' order: the Cold War, independent Africa, civil society protests in the United States, civil resistance in South Africa, the coming of democracy and the TRC, and the end of the Cold War. Follows the 2021 DBE examination guidelines.

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What is inside

  • The Cold War
    • Origins of the Cold War, 1945 to 19477 KB
    • Spheres of interest and containment, 1945 to 19496 KB
    • Germany and the Berlin crisis of 1948 to 19496 KB
    • Alliances and the Berlin Wall, 1949 to 19616 KB
    • Who was to blame for the Cold War4 KB
    • Vietnam to 1965: from colonial rule to the struggle in the South6 KB
    • Vietnam, 1965 to 1969: the American war4 KB
    • Vietnam as a global issue, and the American withdrawal, 1969 to 19758 KB
  • Independent Africa
    • Decolonisation in Africa in the 1960s and 1970s6 KB
    • Angola: colonialism, liberation movements and the outbreak of civil war6 KB
    • Foreign involvement in Angola and its effect on the region6 KB
    • Cuito Cuanavale, 1987 to 19885 KB
    • The Congo: Belgian rule, independence and the crisis of 19606 KB
    • The Congo: political and economic ideas and legacies6 KB
    • The Congo: social and cultural change, education and Africanisation5 KB
  • Civil society protests in the United States
    • Origins of the Civil Rights Movement in the United States6 KB
    • Martin Luther King Jr and passive resistance5 KB
    • Forms of protest in the Civil Rights Movement: Montgomery, sit-ins and Freedom Riders5 KB
    • Campaigns and marches, 1963 to 1965: Birmingham, Washington, Freedom Summer and Selma6 KB
    • Little Rock and school desegregation, 19574 KB
    • Gains of the Civil Rights Movement, short term and long term4 KB
    • Black Power in the United States: reasons, ideas and leaders6 KB
    • The Black Panther Party and the gains of Black Power6 KB
  • Civil resistance in South Africa
    • Black Consciousness in South Africa: ideas, aims and Steve Biko6 KB
    • Black Consciousness and the state: the 1976 Soweto uprising and the legacy of the movement6 KB
    • The trade union movement in South Africa from 19736 KB
    • Botha's reforms: total strategy, black local authorities and the tricameral parliament6 KB
    • Resistance to Botha's reforms: civics, the UDF and the Mass Democratic Movement6 KB
    • Rolling mass action, the End Conscription Campaign, the Black Sash and the states of emergency6 KB
  • The coming of democracy and the TRC
    • The beginning of negotiations in South Africa, 1989 to 19916 KB
    • The breakdown of negotiations and the violence, 1992 to 19936 KB
    • The final road to democracy: the interim constitution, the 1994 election and the Government of National Unity7 KB
    • The Truth and Reconciliation Commission: reasons and establishment5 KB
    • Retributive and restorative justice, and the debates about the TRC7 KB
    • Responses of the political parties to the TRC, and case studies of victims and perpetrators7 KB
  • The end of the Cold War and a new world order
    • Gorbachev's reforms in the Soviet Union6 KB
    • Eastern Europe in 1989: Poland, Germany and the fall of the Berlin Wall7 KB
    • The disintegration of the Soviet Union and its impact on South Africa7 KB
    • Globalisation and the balance of power after 19896 KB
    • Global capitalism, emerging economies, BRICS and responses to globalisation8 KB

The first note

The Cold War / Origins of the Cold War, 1945 to 1947

The **Cold War** was a long rivalry between the United States of America (USA) and the Soviet Union (USSR) that began as the Second World War ended and lasted until 1989–1991. It was cold because the two superpowers never fought each other directly; they competed through propaganda, economic aid, spying, an arms race and support for opposing sides in wars elsewhere. To understand why it developed, it helps to see what held the two powers together during the war and what pulled them apart once Germany and Japan were beaten. ## An alliance of necessity The USA, Britain and the USSR were allies from 1941 to 1945, but they had little in common beyond the need to defeat Nazi Germany. The USSR was a one-party communist state with a planned economy owned by the state, and its leaders believed capitalism would eventually be replaced by communism worldwide. The USA was a liberal democracy with a capitalist economy based on private ownership and free enterprise. Each side distrusted the other's system, and the distrust pre-dated the war: Western governments had intervened against the Bolsheviks in the Russian civil war after 1917, and Stalin's agreement with Hitler in 1939 (the Nazi–Soviet Pact) had left the Soviet leadership with little reason to rely on Western goodwill. During the war several things added to the suspicion. Stalin pressed repeatedly for the Western allies to open a second front in Europe, and the Soviet Union carried the heaviest burden of the fighting against…

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