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AQA A-Level Geography

A-Level · AQAGeography83 notes in 12 folders, 479 KB

Notes for AQA A-Level Geography (7037), in folders that follow the specification: the physical topics, the human topics, then the geographical skills and fieldwork. Each optional topic (hot deserts, coasts, glaciers, hazards, ecosystems, urban environments, population, resource security) has its own folder with an example or case studies, so delete the ones your course does not cover.

Adding them puts a copy in your notes, in a folder of its own with the folders below, for you to change and turn into flashcards or a question deck. Download gives you a zip of markdown files, which opens in any notes app.

What is inside

  • Water and carbon cycles
    • Systems in physical geography5 KB
    • The water cycle: stores, flows and processes6 KB
    • Drainage basins, water balance and the flood hydrograph6 KB
    • Changes in the water cycle5 KB
    • The carbon cycle7 KB
    • Water, carbon, climate and life on Earth5 KB
    • Case studies: the Amazon rainforest and a river catchment5 KB
  • Hot desert systems and landscapes
    • Hot deserts as systems: distribution, climate, soils and causes of aridity5 KB
    • Desert processes and sediment budgets5 KB
    • Desert landforms5 KB
    • Desertification6 KB
    • Case studies: the Sahara and the Sahel5 KB
  • Coastal systems and landscapes
    • Coasts as systems: energy, sediment cells and budgets5 KB
    • Coastal processes5 KB
    • Landforms of coastal erosion4 KB
    • Landforms of coastal deposition6 KB
    • Sea level change and its landforms5 KB
    • Coastal management6 KB
    • Case studies: Holderness and the Netherlands6 KB
  • Glacial systems and landscapes
    • Cold environments: nature and distribution5 KB
    • Glacial systems and budgets4 KB
    • Glacial and periglacial processes5 KB
    • Landforms of glacial erosion5 KB
    • Landforms of glacial and fluvioglacial deposition4 KB
    • Periglacial landforms5 KB
    • Human impacts on cold environments5 KB
    • Case studies: the Lake District and the Alps5 KB
  • Hazards
    • The concept of hazard and human responses6 KB
    • Plate tectonics6 KB
    • Volcanic hazards7 KB
    • Seismic hazards7 KB
    • Storm hazards7 KB
    • Fires in nature5 KB
    • Case studies: the Philippines and a hazardous local place6 KB
  • Ecosystems under stress
    • Biodiversity and sustainability5 KB
    • Ecosystem processes: energy, nutrients and succession6 KB
    • Tropical rainforest and savanna biomes7 KB
    • Ecosystems of the British Isles over time5 KB
    • Marine ecosystems: coral reefs6 KB
    • Local ecosystems and conservation5 KB
    • Case studies of ecological change5 KB
  • Global systems and global governance
    • Globalisation: dimensions and factors5 KB
    • Global systems and interdependence5 KB
    • International trade and access to markets7 KB
    • Transnational corporations5 KB
    • Global governance6 KB
    • The global commons and Antarctica9 KB
    • The globalisation critique5 KB
  • Changing places
    • The nature and importance of places6 KB
    • Relationships and connections7 KB
    • Meaning and representation6 KB
    • Place studies5 KB
  • Contemporary urban environments
    • Urbanisation and urban change5 KB
    • Urban policy and regeneration in Britain since 19796 KB
    • Urban forms6 KB
    • Social and economic issues in cities4 KB
    • Urban climate6 KB
    • Urban drainage7 KB
    • Urban waste and its disposal5 KB
    • Urban environmental problems5 KB
    • Sustainable urban development6 KB
    • Case studies of contrasting urban areas7 KB
  • Population and the environment
    • Population, environment and development4 KB
    • Food, climate and soils9 KB
    • Environment, health and well-being8 KB
    • Population change and migration7 KB
    • Population ecology and contrasting perspectives7 KB
    • Global population futures6 KB
    • Case studies of population change and place and health6 KB
  • Resource security
    • Resource development6 KB
    • Natural resource issues and geopolitics6 KB
    • Water security8 KB
    • Energy security8 KB
    • Mineral security6 KB
    • Resource futures and case studies7 KB
  • Geographical skills and fieldwork
    • Types of geographical data and qualitative methods7 KB
    • Fieldwork, sampling and measurement7 KB
    • Cartographic skills6 KB
    • Graphical skills7 KB
    • Descriptive statistics4 KB
    • Spearman's rank correlation and the chi-squared test5 KB
    • Significance and the Mann-Whitney U test4 KB
    • ICT and digital data skills6 KB

The first note

Water and carbon cycles / Systems in physical geography

## What a system is A **system** is a set of components and the links between them, with a boundary that separates it from everything else. Geographers use the idea to simplify a landscape or a cycle into parts that can be counted, measured and compared. The same vocabulary is used for the water and carbon cycles, for hot deserts, coasts and glaciers, and for ecosystems, so it is worth knowing precisely. A system has these parts: - **inputs**, matter or energy entering across the boundary (rainfall into a drainage basin, sunlight into a forest, sediment arriving at a beach); - **outputs**, matter or energy leaving it (evaporation, river discharge to the sea, sediment carried away); - **stores** or **components**, where matter or energy is held for a time (soil moisture, ice in a glacier, carbon in a tree); - **flows** or **transfers**, the movements between stores (infiltration, melting, longshore drift); - **energy**, which drives the flows (solar radiation, wind, gravity, the heat of the Earth's interior). ### Types of system An **isolated system** exchanges neither matter nor energy with its surroundings. True examples are almost impossible to find on Earth. A **closed system** exchanges energy but not matter. The global water cycle and the global carbon cycle are treated as closed systems, because the Earth gains and loses almost no matter but is warmed by the Sun and radiates heat back to space. An **open system** exchanges both matter and energy. A drainage basin, a…

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