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SQA Advanced Higher Geography

Advanced Higher · SQAGeography42 notes in 3 folders, 305 KB

Notes for SQA Advanced Higher Geography (course code C833 77), in three folders that follow the course's skill areas: map interpretation with 1:25,000 OS maps, gathering and processing techniques for physical and human fieldwork, and geographical data handling with graphs, maps and statistical tests. Each technique note covers method, sampling, processing and evaluation, and each test has a worked example. Based on course specification version 2.0 (September 2019).

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What is inside

  • Map interpretation
    • Scale, distance and area on 1:25,000 maps5 KB
    • Grid references, location and direction6 KB
    • Relief, contours and gradient7 KB
    • Landforms and how they show on OS maps8 KB
    • Drainage and water features on OS maps6 KB
    • Settlement on OS maps: site, situation, pattern and function7 KB
    • Urban land use on map extracts6 KB
    • Transport and communications on OS maps6 KB
    • Rural and primary land uses on OS maps6 KB
    • Recreation, tourism and conservation on OS maps6 KB
    • Photographs, sketches, overlays and other supplementary items6 KB
    • Using an atlas to set a map extract in context5 KB
    • Using map evidence for a proposal: routes, sites and impacts7 KB
  • Gathering and processing techniques
    • Planning fieldwork: aims, sampling, safety, ethics and evaluation9 KB
    • Stream analysis: channel measurements and discharge10 KB
    • Pebble analysis: size, shape and rock type8 KB
    • Beach profile analysis8 KB
    • Slope analysis8 KB
    • Soil analysis9 KB
    • Vegetation analysis8 KB
    • Micro-climate analysis8 KB
    • Environmental quality surveys8 KB
    • Questionnaires and interviews9 KB
    • Perception studies8 KB
    • Pedestrian and traffic surveys8 KB
    • Urban and rural land use mapping9 KB
  • Geographical data handling
    • Data types and sources7 KB
    • Sampling methods7 KB
    • Hypotheses, significance and choosing a statistical test8 KB
    • Graphs of distribution and pattern: dispersion, kite, bipolar and polar graphs7 KB
    • Graphs of relationships, proportions and systems9 KB
    • Choropleth, dot and proportional symbol maps7 KB
    • Isoline, flow line, sphere of influence, transect, cross section and annotated overlay maps9 KB
    • Measures of central tendency: mean, median and mode5 KB
    • Measures of dispersion: range and interquartile range6 KB
    • Standard deviation, standard error of the mean and coefficient of variation7 KB
    • Chi-squared analysis7 KB
    • Nearest neighbour analysis6 KB
    • Spearman's rank correlation coefficient6 KB
    • Pearson's product moment correlation coefficient6 KB
    • Linear regression analysis6 KB
    • Evaluating techniques, data and sources9 KB

The first note

Map interpretation / Scale, distance and area on 1:25,000 maps

## What the scale means The Ordnance Survey Explorer series is drawn at 1:25,000, so one unit on the map stands for 25,000 of the same unit on the ground. This is a **representative fraction**. Working in centimetres, 1 cm on the map is 25,000 cm on the ground, which is 250 m. The scale is therefore usually remembered as 4 cm to 1 km, because 4 cm is exactly 1 km. | Map distance | Ground distance | |---|---| | 1 mm | 25 m | | 1 cm | 250 m | | 2 cm | 500 m | | 4 cm | 1 km | | 10 cm | 2.5 km | Every map carries a **linear scale** (a scale bar) as well as the representative fraction. The bar is the safer thing to measure against when a map has been photocopied or reduced, because a bar shrinks with the page and the fraction does not. On a reduced copy the printed grid squares are less than 4 cm across, which shows at once that the fraction no longer applies. A larger scale shows more detail over a smaller area. A 1:25,000 map is a larger scale than a 1:50,000 map, so it shows individual field boundaries, rights of way and small buildings that the 1:50,000 map leaves out or combines. ## Straight-line distance For a straight line, measure with a ruler from one point to the other and convert. 1. Measure the map distance in centimetres. 2. Multiply by 250 to give metres. 3. Divide by 1,000 if the answer is wanted in kilometres. For example, two farms are 7.3 cm apart on the map. The ground distance is $7.3 \times 250 = 1\,825$ m, or 1.8 km to the nearest hundred metres. Where the…

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