AQA A-Level History

A-Level · AQAHistory60 notes in 32 folders, 957 KB

Notes for AQA A-Level History (7042), in two folders: breadth studies and depth studies. Every option has its own folder, with two notes following the option's two parts in order. Delete the folders for options your class does not study once the notes are yours.

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What is inside

Breadth studies
- 1A The Age of the Crusades, c1071–1204
  - The Age of the Crusades, part one: the Crusader states and Outremer, c1071–114918 KB
  - The Age of the Crusades, part two: the revival of Islam and the later Crusades, 1149–120414 KB
- 1B Spain in the Age of Discovery, 1469–1598
  - Spain in the Age of Discovery, part one: the establishment of a New Monarchy, 1469–155615 KB
  - Spain in the Age of Discovery, part two: Philip II's Spain and the Great Power, 1556–159813 KB
- 1C The Tudors, England, 1485–1603
  - The Tudors, part one: consolidation of the Tudor dynasty, England, 1485–154714 KB
  - The Tudors, part two: England, turmoil and triumph, 1547–160316 KB
- 1D Stuart Britain and the Crisis of Monarchy, 1603–1702
  - Stuart Britain and the Crisis of Monarchy, part one: absolutism challenged, Britain, 1603–164917 KB
  - Stuart Britain and the Crisis of Monarchy, part two: monarchy restored and restrained, Britain, 1649–170214 KB
- 1E Russia in the Age of Absolutism and Enlightenment, 1682–1796
  - Russia in the Age of Absolutism and Enlightenment, part one: Peter the Great and Russia, 1682–172513 KB
  - Russia in the Age of Absolutism and Enlightenment, part two: Enlightenment Russia, 1725–179611 KB
- 1F Industrialisation and the people, Britain, c1783–1885
  - Industrialisation and the people, part one: the impact of industrialisation, Britain, c1783–183216 KB
  - Industrialisation and the people, part two: the Age of Reform, Britain, 1832–188515 KB
- 1G Challenge and transformation, Britain, c1851–1964
  - Part one, Victorian and Edwardian Britain, c1851–191423 KB
  - Part two, The World Wars and their legacies, Britain, 1914–196424 KB
- 1H Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855–1964
  - Part one, Autocracy, reform and revolution, Russia, 1855–191719 KB
  - Part two, The Soviet Union, 1917–196417 KB
- 1J The British Empire, c1857–1967
  - Part one, The high water mark of the British Empire, c1857–191418 KB
  - Part two, Imperial retreat, 1914–196718 KB
- 1K The making of a Superpower, USA, 1865–1975
  - Part one, From Civil War to World War, 1865–192019 KB
  - Part two, Crises and the rise to world power, 1920–197522 KB
- 1L The quest for political stability, Germany, 1871–1991
  - Part one, Empire to democracy, 1871–192922 KB
  - Part two, The impact of Nazism, war and division, 1929–199121 KB
Depth studies
- 2A Royal Authority and the Angevin Kings, 1154–1216
  - Henry II, 1154–118917 KB
  - Richard I and John, 1189–121614 KB
- 2B The Wars of the Roses, 1450–1499
  - The fall of the House of Lancaster, 1450–147112 KB
  - The fall of the House of York, 1471–149912 KB
- 2C The Reformation in Europe, c1500–1564
  - The origins of the Reformation, c1500–153113 KB
  - Reformation Europe, 1531–156413 KB
- 2D Religious conflict and the Church in England, c1529–c1570
  - The break from Rome in England, c1529–154715 KB
  - The establishment of the Church of England, 1547–c157013 KB
- 2E The English Revolution, 1625–1660
  - The origins of the English Civil War, 1625–164213 KB
  - Radicalism, Republic and Restoration in England, 1642–166012 KB
- 2F The Sun King, Louis XIV, France and Europe, 1643–1715
  - Louis XIV and France, 1643–168513 KB
  - Louis XIV in decline, 1685–171511 KB
- 2G The Birth of the USA, 1760–1801
  - The origins of the American Revolution, 1760–177613 KB
  - Establishing the American nation, 1776–180113 KB
- 2H France in Revolution, 1774–1815
  - The end of absolutism and the French Revolution, 1774–179515 KB
  - Napoleon and his impact on France and Europe, 1795–181515 KB
- 2J America, A Nation Divided, c1845–1877
  - The origins of the American Civil War, c1845–186113 KB
  - The American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–187715 KB
- 2K International Relations and Global Conflict, c1890–1941
  - International relations and the Great Powers, c1890–1917: rivalries and entry into war13 KB
  - International relations, 1917–1941: the failure of peace and the origins of the Second World War15 KB
- 2L Italy and Fascism, c1900–1945
  - Italy, c1900–1926: the crisis of Liberal Italy and Mussolini's rise to power16 KB
  - Fascist Italy, 1926–1945: society, foreign policy and war17 KB
- 2M Wars and Welfare: Britain in Transition, 1906–1957
  - Britain, 1906–1929: society in crisis19 KB
  - Britain, 1929–1957: from the Depression to the Affluent Society17 KB
- 2N Revolution and dictatorship: Russia, 1917–1953
  - Russia, 1917–1929: the Revolution, Bolshevik rule and the rise of Stalin17 KB
  - Russia and the USSR under Stalin, 1929–195318 KB
- 2O Democracy and Nazism: Germany, 1918–1945
  - Germany, 1918–1933: the Weimar Republic18 KB
  - Nazi Germany, 1933–1945: dictatorship, racial state and war18 KB
- 2P The Transformation of China, 1936–1997
  - China, 1936–1962: the Civil War, Communist victory and the People's Republic16 KB
  - China, 1962–1997: Mao's last years, the Cultural Revolution and Deng Xiaoping's reforms15 KB
- 2Q The American Dream: reality and illusion, 1945–1980
  - The USA, 1945–1963: prosperity, inequality and Superpower status18 KB
  - The USA, 1963–1980: challenges to the American Dream16 KB
- 2R The Cold War, c1945–1991
  - The Cold War, c1945–1963: from the Grand Alliance to the brink of nuclear war16 KB
  - The Cold War, c1963–1991: détente, renewed confrontation and the end of the Cold War15 KB
- 2S The Making of Modern Britain, 1951–2007
  - Britain, 1951–1979: the affluent society, the sixties and the end of consensus18 KB
  - Britain, 1979–2007: Thatcherism, the Major years and New Labour18 KB
- 2T The Crisis of Communism: The USSR and the Soviet Empire, 1953–2000
  - The USSR, 1953–2000: from Stalin's death to Putin20 KB
  - The Soviet satellite states of eastern Europe, 1953–2000: crisis and collapse18 KB

The first note

Breadth studies / 1A The Age of the Crusades, c1071–1204 / The Age of the Crusades, part one: the Crusader states and Outremer, c1071–1149

## The world before the crusades ### The Latin Church and the papacy In the later eleventh century the Church in western Europe, known as the Latin Church, was the main institution that bound the kingdoms of Christendom together. It owned a great deal of land, its bishops and abbots sat beside lay lords as rulers, and its teaching shaped how people understood sin, penance and salvation. Pilgrimage was a normal act of penance, and Jerusalem, Rome and Santiago de Compostela were the great destinations. The papacy in these years was claiming more authority than it had held before. The reform movement associated with the abbey of Cluny wanted a Church free of lay control, with clergy who were celibate and not bought into office. Pope Gregory VII (1073–1085) turned this into a programme in which the pope stood above kings, and the **Investiture Controversy** was the quarrel that followed, over whether popes or lay rulers such as the Holy Roman Emperor had the right to appoint bishops. At Canossa in 1077 Emperor Henry IV did penance before Gregory to have his excommunication lifted, though the struggle went on for decades. A pope who could command an emperor to kneel was a pope who might also summon Christians to arms under his own authority, and this is the background to Urban II's call in 1095. The Latin Church was also divided from the Greek, or Orthodox, Church of the Byzantine Empire. In 1054 the pope's legates and the patriarch of Constantinople excommunicated one another…

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